example_test.go

     1  // Copyright 2017 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  package fmt_test
     6  
     7  import (
     8  	"fmt"
     9  	"io"
    10  	"math"
    11  	"os"
    12  	"strings"
    13  	"time"
    14  )
    15  
    16  // The Errorf function lets us use formatting features
    17  // to create descriptive error messages.
    18  func ExampleErrorf() {
    19  	const name, id = "bueller", 17
    20  	err := fmt.Errorf("user %q (id %d) not found", name, id)
    21  	fmt.Println(err.Error())
    22  
    23  	// Output: user "bueller" (id 17) not found
    24  }
    25  
    26  func ExampleFscanf() {
    27  	var (
    28  		i int
    29  		b bool
    30  		s string
    31  	)
    32  	r := strings.NewReader("5 true gophers")
    33  	n, err := fmt.Fscanf(r, "%d %t %s", &i, &b, &s)
    34  	if err != nil {
    35  		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Fscanf: %v\n", err)
    36  	}
    37  	fmt.Println(i, b, s)
    38  	fmt.Println(n)
    39  	// Output:
    40  	// 5 true gophers
    41  	// 3
    42  }
    43  
    44  func ExampleFscanln() {
    45  	s := `dmr 1771 1.61803398875
    46  	ken 271828 3.14159`
    47  	r := strings.NewReader(s)
    48  	var a string
    49  	var b int
    50  	var c float64
    51  	for {
    52  		n, err := fmt.Fscanln(r, &a, &b, &c)
    53  		if err == io.EOF {
    54  			break
    55  		}
    56  		if err != nil {
    57  			panic(err)
    58  		}
    59  		fmt.Printf("%d: %s, %d, %f\n", n, a, b, c)
    60  	}
    61  	// Output:
    62  	// 3: dmr, 1771, 1.618034
    63  	// 3: ken, 271828, 3.141590
    64  }
    65  
    66  func ExampleSscanf() {
    67  	var name string
    68  	var age int
    69  	n, err := fmt.Sscanf("Kim is 22 years old", "%s is %d years old", &name, &age)
    70  	if err != nil {
    71  		panic(err)
    72  	}
    73  	fmt.Printf("%d: %s, %d\n", n, name, age)
    74  
    75  	// Output:
    76  	// 2: Kim, 22
    77  }
    78  
    79  func ExamplePrint() {
    80  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
    81  	fmt.Print(name, " is ", age, " years old.\n")
    82  
    83  	// It is conventional not to worry about any
    84  	// error returned by Print.
    85  
    86  	// Output:
    87  	// Kim is 22 years old.
    88  }
    89  
    90  func ExamplePrintln() {
    91  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
    92  	fmt.Println(name, "is", age, "years old.")
    93  
    94  	// It is conventional not to worry about any
    95  	// error returned by Println.
    96  
    97  	// Output:
    98  	// Kim is 22 years old.
    99  }
   100  
   101  func ExamplePrintf() {
   102  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   103  	fmt.Printf("%s is %d years old.\n", name, age)
   104  
   105  	// It is conventional not to worry about any
   106  	// error returned by Printf.
   107  
   108  	// Output:
   109  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   110  }
   111  
   112  func ExampleSprint() {
   113  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   114  	s := fmt.Sprint(name, " is ", age, " years old.\n")
   115  
   116  	io.WriteString(os.Stdout, s) // Ignoring error for simplicity.
   117  
   118  	// Output:
   119  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   120  }
   121  
   122  func ExampleSprintln() {
   123  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   124  	s := fmt.Sprintln(name, "is", age, "years old.")
   125  
   126  	io.WriteString(os.Stdout, s) // Ignoring error for simplicity.
   127  
   128  	// Output:
   129  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   130  }
   131  
   132  func ExampleSprintf() {
   133  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   134  	s := fmt.Sprintf("%s is %d years old.\n", name, age)
   135  
   136  	io.WriteString(os.Stdout, s) // Ignoring error for simplicity.
   137  
   138  	// Output:
   139  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   140  }
   141  
   142  func ExampleFprint() {
   143  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   144  	n, err := fmt.Fprint(os.Stdout, name, " is ", age, " years old.\n")
   145  
   146  	// The n and err return values from Fprint are
   147  	// those returned by the underlying io.Writer.
   148  	if err != nil {
   149  		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Fprint: %v\n", err)
   150  	}
   151  	fmt.Print(n, " bytes written.\n")
   152  
   153  	// Output:
   154  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   155  	// 21 bytes written.
   156  }
   157  
   158  func ExampleFprintln() {
   159  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   160  	n, err := fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, name, "is", age, "years old.")
   161  
   162  	// The n and err return values from Fprintln are
   163  	// those returned by the underlying io.Writer.
   164  	if err != nil {
   165  		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Fprintln: %v\n", err)
   166  	}
   167  	fmt.Println(n, "bytes written.")
   168  
   169  	// Output:
   170  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   171  	// 21 bytes written.
   172  }
   173  
   174  func ExampleFprintf() {
   175  	const name, age = "Kim", 22
   176  	n, err := fmt.Fprintf(os.Stdout, "%s is %d years old.\n", name, age)
   177  
   178  	// The n and err return values from Fprintf are
   179  	// those returned by the underlying io.Writer.
   180  	if err != nil {
   181  		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Fprintf: %v\n", err)
   182  	}
   183  	fmt.Printf("%d bytes written.\n", n)
   184  
   185  	// Output:
   186  	// Kim is 22 years old.
   187  	// 21 bytes written.
   188  }
   189  
   190  // Print, Println, and Printf lay out their arguments differently. In this example
   191  // we can compare their behaviors. Println always adds blanks between the items it
   192  // prints, while Print adds blanks only between non-string arguments and Printf
   193  // does exactly what it is told.
   194  // Sprint, Sprintln, Sprintf, Fprint, Fprintln, and Fprintf behave the same as
   195  // their corresponding Print, Println, and Printf functions shown here.
   196  func Example_printers() {
   197  	a, b := 3.0, 4.0
   198  	h := math.Hypot(a, b)
   199  
   200  	// Print inserts blanks between arguments when neither is a string.
   201  	// It does not add a newline to the output, so we add one explicitly.
   202  	fmt.Print("The vector (", a, b, ") has length ", h, ".\n")
   203  
   204  	// Println always inserts spaces between its arguments,
   205  	// so it cannot be used to produce the same output as Print in this case;
   206  	// its output has extra spaces.
   207  	// Also, Println always adds a newline to the output.
   208  	fmt.Println("The vector (", a, b, ") has length", h, ".")
   209  
   210  	// Printf provides complete control but is more complex to use.
   211  	// It does not add a newline to the output, so we add one explicitly
   212  	// at the end of the format specifier string.
   213  	fmt.Printf("The vector (%g %g) has length %g.\n", a, b, h)
   214  
   215  	// Output:
   216  	// The vector (3 4) has length 5.
   217  	// The vector ( 3 4 ) has length 5 .
   218  	// The vector (3 4) has length 5.
   219  }
   220  
   221  // These examples demonstrate the basics of printing using a format string. Printf,
   222  // Sprintf, and Fprintf all take a format string that specifies how to format the
   223  // subsequent arguments. For example, %d (we call that a 'verb') says to print the
   224  // corresponding argument, which must be an integer (or something containing an
   225  // integer, such as a slice of ints) in decimal. The verb %v ('v' for 'value')
   226  // always formats the argument in its default form, just how Print or Println would
   227  // show it. The special verb %T ('T' for 'Type') prints the type of the argument
   228  // rather than its value. The examples are not exhaustive; see the package comment
   229  // for all the details.
   230  func Example_formats() {
   231  	// A basic set of examples showing that %v is the default format, in this
   232  	// case decimal for integers, which can be explicitly requested with %d;
   233  	// the output is just what Println generates.
   234  	integer := 23
   235  	// Each of these prints "23" (without the quotes).
   236  	fmt.Println(integer)
   237  	fmt.Printf("%v\n", integer)
   238  	fmt.Printf("%d\n", integer)
   239  
   240  	// The special verb %T shows the type of an item rather than its value.
   241  	fmt.Printf("%T %T\n", integer, &integer)
   242  	// Result: int *int
   243  
   244  	// Println(x) is the same as Printf("%v\n", x) so we will use only Printf
   245  	// in the following examples. Each one demonstrates how to format values of
   246  	// a particular type, such as integers or strings. We start each format
   247  	// string with %v to show the default output and follow that with one or
   248  	// more custom formats.
   249  
   250  	// Booleans print as "true" or "false" with %v or %t.
   251  	truth := true
   252  	fmt.Printf("%v %t\n", truth, truth)
   253  	// Result: true true
   254  
   255  	// Integers print as decimals with %v and %d,
   256  	// or in hex with %x, octal with %o, or binary with %b.
   257  	answer := 42
   258  	fmt.Printf("%v %d %x %o %b\n", answer, answer, answer, answer, answer)
   259  	// Result: 42 42 2a 52 101010
   260  
   261  	// Floats have multiple formats: %v and %g print a compact representation,
   262  	// while %f prints a decimal point and %e uses exponential notation. The
   263  	// format %6.2f used here shows how to set the width and precision to
   264  	// control the appearance of a floating-point value. In this instance, 6 is
   265  	// the total width of the printed text for the value (note the extra spaces
   266  	// in the output) and 2 is the number of decimal places to show.
   267  	pi := math.Pi
   268  	fmt.Printf("%v %g %.2f (%6.2f) %e\n", pi, pi, pi, pi, pi)
   269  	// Result: 3.141592653589793 3.141592653589793 3.14 (  3.14) 3.141593e+00
   270  
   271  	// Complex numbers format as parenthesized pairs of floats, with an 'i'
   272  	// after the imaginary part.
   273  	point := 110.7 + 22.5i
   274  	fmt.Printf("%v %g %.2f %.2e\n", point, point, point, point)
   275  	// Result: (110.7+22.5i) (110.7+22.5i) (110.70+22.50i) (1.11e+02+2.25e+01i)
   276  
   277  	// Runes are integers but when printed with %c show the character with that
   278  	// Unicode value. The %q verb shows them as quoted characters, %U as a
   279  	// hex Unicode code point, and %#U as both a code point and a quoted
   280  	// printable form if the rune is printable.
   281  	smile := '😀'
   282  	fmt.Printf("%v %d %c %q %U %#U\n", smile, smile, smile, smile, smile, smile)
   283  	// Result: 128512 128512 😀 '😀' U+1F600 U+1F600 '😀'
   284  
   285  	// Strings are formatted with %v and %s as-is, with %q as quoted strings,
   286  	// and %#q as backquoted strings.
   287  	placeholders := `foo "bar"`
   288  	fmt.Printf("%v %s %q %#q\n", placeholders, placeholders, placeholders, placeholders)
   289  	// Result: foo "bar" foo "bar" "foo \"bar\"" `foo "bar"`
   290  
   291  	// Maps formatted with %v show keys and values in their default formats.
   292  	// The %#v form (the # is called a "flag" in this context) shows the map in
   293  	// the Go source format. Maps are printed in a consistent order, sorted
   294  	// by the values of the keys.
   295  	isLegume := map[string]bool{
   296  		"peanut":    true,
   297  		"dachshund": false,
   298  	}
   299  	fmt.Printf("%v %#v\n", isLegume, isLegume)
   300  	// Result: map[dachshund:false peanut:true] map[string]bool{"dachshund":false, "peanut":true}
   301  
   302  	// Structs formatted with %v show field values in their default formats.
   303  	// The %+v form shows the fields by name, while %#v formats the struct in
   304  	// Go source format.
   305  	person := struct {
   306  		Name string
   307  		Age  int
   308  	}{"Kim", 22}
   309  	fmt.Printf("%v %+v %#v\n", person, person, person)
   310  	// Result: {Kim 22} {Name:Kim Age:22} struct { Name string; Age int }{Name:"Kim", Age:22}
   311  
   312  	// The default format for a pointer shows the underlying value preceded by
   313  	// an ampersand. The %p verb prints the pointer value in hex. We use a
   314  	// typed nil for the argument to %p here because the value of any non-nil
   315  	// pointer would change from run to run; run the commented-out Printf
   316  	// call yourself to see.
   317  	pointer := &person
   318  	fmt.Printf("%v %p\n", pointer, (*int)(nil))
   319  	// Result: &{Kim 22} 0x0
   320  	// fmt.Printf("%v %p\n", pointer, pointer)
   321  	// Result: &{Kim 22} 0x010203 // See comment above.
   322  
   323  	// Arrays and slices are formatted by applying the format to each element.
   324  	greats := [5]string{"Kitano", "Kobayashi", "Kurosawa", "Miyazaki", "Ozu"}
   325  	fmt.Printf("%v %q\n", greats, greats)
   326  	// Result: [Kitano Kobayashi Kurosawa Miyazaki Ozu] ["Kitano" "Kobayashi" "Kurosawa" "Miyazaki" "Ozu"]
   327  
   328  	kGreats := greats[:3]
   329  	fmt.Printf("%v %q %#v\n", kGreats, kGreats, kGreats)
   330  	// Result: [Kitano Kobayashi Kurosawa] ["Kitano" "Kobayashi" "Kurosawa"] []string{"Kitano", "Kobayashi", "Kurosawa"}
   331  
   332  	// Byte slices are special. Integer verbs like %d print the elements in
   333  	// that format. The %s and %q forms treat the slice like a string. The %x
   334  	// verb has a special form with the space flag that puts a space between
   335  	// the bytes.
   336  	cmd := []byte("a⌘")
   337  	fmt.Printf("%v %d %s %q %x % x\n", cmd, cmd, cmd, cmd, cmd, cmd)
   338  	// Result: [97 226 140 152] [97 226 140 152] a⌘ "a⌘" 61e28c98 61 e2 8c 98
   339  
   340  	// Types that implement Stringer are printed the same as strings. Because
   341  	// Stringers return a string, we can print them using a string-specific
   342  	// verb such as %q.
   343  	now := time.Unix(123456789, 0).UTC() // time.Time implements fmt.Stringer.
   344  	fmt.Printf("%v %q\n", now, now)
   345  	// Result: 1973-11-29 21:33:09 +0000 UTC "1973-11-29 21:33:09 +0000 UTC"
   346  
   347  	// Output:
   348  	// 23
   349  	// 23
   350  	// 23
   351  	// int *int
   352  	// true true
   353  	// 42 42 2a 52 101010
   354  	// 3.141592653589793 3.141592653589793 3.14 (  3.14) 3.141593e+00
   355  	// (110.7+22.5i) (110.7+22.5i) (110.70+22.50i) (1.11e+02+2.25e+01i)
   356  	// 128512 128512 😀 '😀' U+1F600 U+1F600 '😀'
   357  	// foo "bar" foo "bar" "foo \"bar\"" `foo "bar"`
   358  	// map[dachshund:false peanut:true] map[string]bool{"dachshund":false, "peanut":true}
   359  	// {Kim 22} {Name:Kim Age:22} struct { Name string; Age int }{Name:"Kim", Age:22}
   360  	// &{Kim 22} 0x0
   361  	// [Kitano Kobayashi Kurosawa Miyazaki Ozu] ["Kitano" "Kobayashi" "Kurosawa" "Miyazaki" "Ozu"]
   362  	// [Kitano Kobayashi Kurosawa] ["Kitano" "Kobayashi" "Kurosawa"] []string{"Kitano", "Kobayashi", "Kurosawa"}
   363  	// [97 226 140 152] [97 226 140 152] a⌘ "a⌘" 61e28c98 61 e2 8c 98
   364  	// 1973-11-29 21:33:09 +0000 UTC "1973-11-29 21:33:09 +0000 UTC"
   365  }
   366
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