// Copyright 2020 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. package runtime_test import ( "bytes" "fmt" "internal/abi" "internal/goexperiment" "internal/profile" "internal/testenv" "os" "reflect" "runtime" "runtime/debug" "runtime/metrics" "runtime/pprof" "runtime/trace" "slices" "sort" "strings" "sync" "sync/atomic" "testing" "time" "unsafe" ) func prepareAllMetricsSamples() (map[string]metrics.Description, []metrics.Sample) { all := metrics.All() samples := make([]metrics.Sample, len(all)) descs := make(map[string]metrics.Description) for i := range all { samples[i].Name = all[i].Name descs[all[i].Name] = all[i] } return descs, samples } func TestReadMetrics(t *testing.T) { // Run a GC cycle to get some of the stats to be non-zero. runtime.GC() // Set an arbitrary memory limit to check the metric for it limit := int64(512 * 1024 * 1024) oldLimit := debug.SetMemoryLimit(limit) defer debug.SetMemoryLimit(oldLimit) // Set a GC percent to check the metric for it gcPercent := 99 oldGCPercent := debug.SetGCPercent(gcPercent) defer debug.SetGCPercent(oldGCPercent) // Tests whether readMetrics produces values aligning // with ReadMemStats while the world is stopped. var mstats runtime.MemStats _, samples := prepareAllMetricsSamples() runtime.ReadMetricsSlow(&mstats, unsafe.Pointer(&samples[0]), len(samples), cap(samples)) checkUint64 := func(t *testing.T, m string, got, want uint64) { t.Helper() if got != want { t.Errorf("metric %q: got %d, want %d", m, got, want) } } // Check to make sure the values we read line up with other values we read. var allocsBySize, gcPauses, schedPausesTotalGC *metrics.Float64Histogram var tinyAllocs uint64 var mallocs, frees uint64 for i := range samples { switch name := samples[i].Name; name { case "/cgo/go-to-c-calls:calls": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(runtime.NumCgoCall())) case "/memory/classes/heap/free:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.HeapIdle-mstats.HeapReleased) case "/memory/classes/heap/released:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.HeapReleased) case "/memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.HeapAlloc) case "/memory/classes/heap/unused:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.HeapInuse-mstats.HeapAlloc) case "/memory/classes/heap/stacks:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.StackInuse) case "/memory/classes/metadata/mcache/free:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.MCacheSys-mstats.MCacheInuse) case "/memory/classes/metadata/mcache/inuse:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.MCacheInuse) case "/memory/classes/metadata/mspan/free:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.MSpanSys-mstats.MSpanInuse) case "/memory/classes/metadata/mspan/inuse:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.MSpanInuse) case "/memory/classes/metadata/other:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.GCSys) case "/memory/classes/os-stacks:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.StackSys-mstats.StackInuse) case "/memory/classes/other:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.OtherSys) case "/memory/classes/profiling/buckets:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.BuckHashSys) case "/memory/classes/total:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.Sys) case "/gc/heap/allocs-by-size:bytes": hist := samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() // Skip size class 0 in BySize, because it's always empty and not represented // in the histogram. for i, sc := range mstats.BySize[1:] { if b, s := hist.Buckets[i+1], float64(sc.Size+1); b != s { t.Errorf("bucket does not match size class: got %f, want %f", b, s) // The rest of the checks aren't expected to work anyway. continue } if c, m := hist.Counts[i], sc.Mallocs; c != m { t.Errorf("histogram counts do not much BySize for class %d: got %d, want %d", i, c, m) } } allocsBySize = hist case "/gc/heap/allocs:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.TotalAlloc) case "/gc/heap/frees-by-size:bytes": hist := samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() // Skip size class 0 in BySize, because it's always empty and not represented // in the histogram. for i, sc := range mstats.BySize[1:] { if b, s := hist.Buckets[i+1], float64(sc.Size+1); b != s { t.Errorf("bucket does not match size class: got %f, want %f", b, s) // The rest of the checks aren't expected to work anyway. continue } if c, f := hist.Counts[i], sc.Frees; c != f { t.Errorf("histogram counts do not match BySize for class %d: got %d, want %d", i, c, f) } } case "/gc/heap/frees:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.TotalAlloc-mstats.HeapAlloc) case "/gc/heap/tiny/allocs:objects": // Currently, MemStats adds tiny alloc count to both Mallocs AND Frees. // The reason for this is because MemStats couldn't be extended at the time // but there was a desire to have Mallocs at least be a little more representative, // while having Mallocs - Frees still represent a live object count. // Unfortunately, MemStats doesn't actually export a large allocation count, // so it's impossible to pull this number out directly. // // Check tiny allocation count outside of this loop, by using the allocs-by-size // histogram in order to figure out how many large objects there are. tinyAllocs = samples[i].Value.Uint64() // Because the next two metrics tests are checking against Mallocs and Frees, // we can't check them directly for the same reason: we need to account for tiny // allocations included in Mallocs and Frees. case "/gc/heap/allocs:objects": mallocs = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/frees:objects": frees = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/live:bytes": // Check for "obviously wrong" values. We can't check a stronger invariant, // such as live <= HeapAlloc, because live is not 100% accurate. It's computed // under racy conditions, and some objects may be double-counted (this is // intentional and necessary for GC performance). // // Instead, check against a much more reasonable upper-bound: the amount of // mapped heap memory. We can't possibly overcount to the point of exceeding // total mapped heap memory, except if there's an accounting bug. if live := samples[i].Value.Uint64(); live > mstats.HeapSys { t.Errorf("live bytes: %d > heap sys: %d", live, mstats.HeapSys) } else if live == 0 { // Might happen if we don't call runtime.GC() above. t.Error("live bytes is 0") } case "/gc/gomemlimit:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(limit)) case "/gc/heap/objects:objects": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.HeapObjects) case "/gc/heap/goal:bytes": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), mstats.NextGC) case "/gc/gogc:percent": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(gcPercent)) case "/gc/cycles/automatic:gc-cycles": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(mstats.NumGC-mstats.NumForcedGC)) case "/gc/cycles/forced:gc-cycles": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(mstats.NumForcedGC)) case "/gc/cycles/total:gc-cycles": checkUint64(t, name, samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(mstats.NumGC)) case "/gc/pauses:seconds": gcPauses = samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() case "/sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds": schedPausesTotalGC = samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() } } // Check tinyAllocs. nonTinyAllocs := uint64(0) for _, c := range allocsBySize.Counts { nonTinyAllocs += c } checkUint64(t, "/gc/heap/tiny/allocs:objects", tinyAllocs, mstats.Mallocs-nonTinyAllocs) // Check allocation and free counts. checkUint64(t, "/gc/heap/allocs:objects", mallocs, mstats.Mallocs-tinyAllocs) checkUint64(t, "/gc/heap/frees:objects", frees, mstats.Frees-tinyAllocs) // Verify that /gc/pauses:seconds is a copy of /sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds if !slices.Equal(gcPauses.Buckets, schedPausesTotalGC.Buckets) { t.Errorf("/gc/pauses:seconds buckets %v do not match /sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds buckets %v", gcPauses.Buckets, schedPausesTotalGC.Counts) } if !slices.Equal(gcPauses.Counts, schedPausesTotalGC.Counts) { t.Errorf("/gc/pauses:seconds counts %v do not match /sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds counts %v", gcPauses.Counts, schedPausesTotalGC.Counts) } } func TestReadMetricsConsistency(t *testing.T) { // Tests whether readMetrics produces consistent, sensible values. // The values are read concurrently with the runtime doing other // things (e.g. allocating) so what we read can't reasonably compared // to other runtime values (e.g. MemStats). // Run a few GC cycles to get some of the stats to be non-zero. runtime.GC() runtime.GC() runtime.GC() // Set GOMAXPROCS high then sleep briefly to ensure we generate // some idle time. oldmaxprocs := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(10) time.Sleep(time.Millisecond) runtime.GOMAXPROCS(oldmaxprocs) // Read all the supported metrics through the metrics package. descs, samples := prepareAllMetricsSamples() metrics.Read(samples) // Check to make sure the values we read make sense. var totalVirtual struct { got, want uint64 } var objects struct { alloc, free *metrics.Float64Histogram allocs, frees uint64 allocdBytes, freedBytes uint64 total, totalBytes uint64 } var gc struct { numGC uint64 pauses uint64 } var totalScan struct { got, want uint64 } var cpu struct { gcAssist float64 gcDedicated float64 gcIdle float64 gcPause float64 gcTotal float64 idle float64 user float64 scavengeAssist float64 scavengeBg float64 scavengeTotal float64 total float64 } for i := range samples { kind := samples[i].Value.Kind() if want := descs[samples[i].Name].Kind; kind != want { t.Errorf("supported metric %q has unexpected kind: got %d, want %d", samples[i].Name, kind, want) continue } if samples[i].Name != "/memory/classes/total:bytes" && strings.HasPrefix(samples[i].Name, "/memory/classes") { v := samples[i].Value.Uint64() totalVirtual.want += v // None of these stats should ever get this big. // If they do, there's probably overflow involved, // usually due to bad accounting. if int64(v) < 0 { t.Errorf("%q has high/negative value: %d", samples[i].Name, v) } } switch samples[i].Name { case "/cpu/classes/gc/mark/assist:cpu-seconds": cpu.gcAssist = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/gc/mark/dedicated:cpu-seconds": cpu.gcDedicated = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/gc/mark/idle:cpu-seconds": cpu.gcIdle = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/gc/pause:cpu-seconds": cpu.gcPause = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/gc/total:cpu-seconds": cpu.gcTotal = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/idle:cpu-seconds": cpu.idle = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/scavenge/assist:cpu-seconds": cpu.scavengeAssist = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/scavenge/background:cpu-seconds": cpu.scavengeBg = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/scavenge/total:cpu-seconds": cpu.scavengeTotal = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/total:cpu-seconds": cpu.total = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/cpu/classes/user:cpu-seconds": cpu.user = samples[i].Value.Float64() case "/memory/classes/total:bytes": totalVirtual.got = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes": objects.totalBytes = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/objects:objects": objects.total = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/allocs:bytes": objects.allocdBytes = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/allocs:objects": objects.allocs = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/allocs-by-size:bytes": objects.alloc = samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() case "/gc/heap/frees:bytes": objects.freedBytes = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/frees:objects": objects.frees = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/heap/frees-by-size:bytes": objects.free = samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() case "/gc/cycles:gc-cycles": gc.numGC = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/pauses:seconds": h := samples[i].Value.Float64Histogram() gc.pauses = 0 for i := range h.Counts { gc.pauses += h.Counts[i] } case "/gc/scan/heap:bytes": totalScan.want += samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/scan/globals:bytes": totalScan.want += samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/scan/stack:bytes": totalScan.want += samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/gc/scan/total:bytes": totalScan.got = samples[i].Value.Uint64() case "/sched/gomaxprocs:threads": if got, want := samples[i].Value.Uint64(), uint64(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1)); got != want { t.Errorf("gomaxprocs doesn't match runtime.GOMAXPROCS: got %d, want %d", got, want) } case "/sched/goroutines:goroutines": if samples[i].Value.Uint64() < 1 { t.Error("number of goroutines is less than one") } } } // Only check this on Linux where we can be reasonably sure we have a high-resolution timer. if runtime.GOOS == "linux" { if cpu.gcDedicated <= 0 && cpu.gcAssist <= 0 && cpu.gcIdle <= 0 { t.Errorf("found no time spent on GC work: %#v", cpu) } if cpu.gcPause <= 0 { t.Errorf("found no GC pauses: %f", cpu.gcPause) } if cpu.idle <= 0 { t.Errorf("found no idle time: %f", cpu.idle) } if total := cpu.gcDedicated + cpu.gcAssist + cpu.gcIdle + cpu.gcPause; !withinEpsilon(cpu.gcTotal, total, 0.001) { t.Errorf("calculated total GC CPU time not within %%0.1 of total: %f vs. %f", total, cpu.gcTotal) } if total := cpu.scavengeAssist + cpu.scavengeBg; !withinEpsilon(cpu.scavengeTotal, total, 0.001) { t.Errorf("calculated total scavenge CPU not within %%0.1 of total: %f vs. %f", total, cpu.scavengeTotal) } if cpu.total <= 0 { t.Errorf("found no total CPU time passed") } if cpu.user <= 0 { t.Errorf("found no user time passed") } if total := cpu.gcTotal + cpu.scavengeTotal + cpu.user + cpu.idle; !withinEpsilon(cpu.total, total, 0.001) { t.Errorf("calculated total CPU not within %%0.1 of total: %f vs. %f", total, cpu.total) } } if totalVirtual.got != totalVirtual.want { t.Errorf(`"/memory/classes/total:bytes" does not match sum of /memory/classes/**: got %d, want %d`, totalVirtual.got, totalVirtual.want) } if got, want := objects.allocs-objects.frees, objects.total; got != want { t.Errorf("mismatch between object alloc/free tallies and total: got %d, want %d", got, want) } if got, want := objects.allocdBytes-objects.freedBytes, objects.totalBytes; got != want { t.Errorf("mismatch between object alloc/free tallies and total: got %d, want %d", got, want) } if b, c := len(objects.alloc.Buckets), len(objects.alloc.Counts); b != c+1 { t.Errorf("allocs-by-size has wrong bucket or counts length: %d buckets, %d counts", b, c) } if b, c := len(objects.free.Buckets), len(objects.free.Counts); b != c+1 { t.Errorf("frees-by-size has wrong bucket or counts length: %d buckets, %d counts", b, c) } if len(objects.alloc.Buckets) != len(objects.free.Buckets) { t.Error("allocs-by-size and frees-by-size buckets don't match in length") } else if len(objects.alloc.Counts) != len(objects.free.Counts) { t.Error("allocs-by-size and frees-by-size counts don't match in length") } else { for i := range objects.alloc.Buckets { ba := objects.alloc.Buckets[i] bf := objects.free.Buckets[i] if ba != bf { t.Errorf("bucket %d is different for alloc and free hists: %f != %f", i, ba, bf) } } if !t.Failed() { var gotAlloc, gotFree uint64 want := objects.total for i := range objects.alloc.Counts { if objects.alloc.Counts[i] < objects.free.Counts[i] { t.Errorf("found more allocs than frees in object dist bucket %d", i) continue } gotAlloc += objects.alloc.Counts[i] gotFree += objects.free.Counts[i] } if got := gotAlloc - gotFree; got != want { t.Errorf("object distribution counts don't match count of live objects: got %d, want %d", got, want) } if gotAlloc != objects.allocs { t.Errorf("object distribution counts don't match total allocs: got %d, want %d", gotAlloc, objects.allocs) } if gotFree != objects.frees { t.Errorf("object distribution counts don't match total allocs: got %d, want %d", gotFree, objects.frees) } } } // The current GC has at least 2 pauses per GC. // Check to see if that value makes sense. if gc.pauses < gc.numGC*2 { t.Errorf("fewer pauses than expected: got %d, want at least %d", gc.pauses, gc.numGC*2) } if totalScan.got <= 0 { t.Errorf("scannable GC space is empty: %d", totalScan.got) } if totalScan.got != totalScan.want { t.Errorf("/gc/scan/total:bytes doesn't line up with sum of /gc/scan*: total %d vs. sum %d", totalScan.got, totalScan.want) } } func BenchmarkReadMetricsLatency(b *testing.B) { stop := applyGCLoad(b) // Spend this much time measuring latencies. latencies := make([]time.Duration, 0, 1024) _, samples := prepareAllMetricsSamples() // Hit metrics.Read continuously and measure. b.ResetTimer() for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { start := time.Now() metrics.Read(samples) latencies = append(latencies, time.Since(start)) } // Make sure to stop the timer before we wait! The load created above // is very heavy-weight and not easy to stop, so we could end up // confusing the benchmarking framework for small b.N. b.StopTimer() stop() // Disable the default */op metrics. // ns/op doesn't mean anything because it's an average, but we // have a sleep in our b.N loop above which skews this significantly. b.ReportMetric(0, "ns/op") b.ReportMetric(0, "B/op") b.ReportMetric(0, "allocs/op") // Sort latencies then report percentiles. sort.Slice(latencies, func(i, j int) bool { return latencies[i] < latencies[j] }) b.ReportMetric(float64(latencies[len(latencies)*50/100]), "p50-ns") b.ReportMetric(float64(latencies[len(latencies)*90/100]), "p90-ns") b.ReportMetric(float64(latencies[len(latencies)*99/100]), "p99-ns") } var readMetricsSink [1024]interface{} func TestReadMetricsCumulative(t *testing.T) { // Set up the set of metrics marked cumulative. descs := metrics.All() var samples [2][]metrics.Sample samples[0] = make([]metrics.Sample, len(descs)) samples[1] = make([]metrics.Sample, len(descs)) total := 0 for i := range samples[0] { if !descs[i].Cumulative { continue } samples[0][total].Name = descs[i].Name total++ } samples[0] = samples[0][:total] samples[1] = samples[1][:total] copy(samples[1], samples[0]) // Start some noise in the background. var wg sync.WaitGroup wg.Add(1) done := make(chan struct{}) go func() { defer wg.Done() for { // Add more things here that could influence metrics. for i := 0; i < len(readMetricsSink); i++ { readMetricsSink[i] = make([]byte, 1024) select { case <-done: return default: } } runtime.GC() } }() sum := func(us []uint64) uint64 { total := uint64(0) for _, u := range us { total += u } return total } // Populate the first generation. metrics.Read(samples[0]) // Check to make sure that these metrics only grow monotonically. for gen := 1; gen < 10; gen++ { metrics.Read(samples[gen%2]) for i := range samples[gen%2] { name := samples[gen%2][i].Name vNew, vOld := samples[gen%2][i].Value, samples[1-(gen%2)][i].Value switch vNew.Kind() { case metrics.KindUint64: new := vNew.Uint64() old := vOld.Uint64() if new < old { t.Errorf("%s decreased: %d < %d", name, new, old) } case metrics.KindFloat64: new := vNew.Float64() old := vOld.Float64() if new < old { t.Errorf("%s decreased: %f < %f", name, new, old) } case metrics.KindFloat64Histogram: new := sum(vNew.Float64Histogram().Counts) old := sum(vOld.Float64Histogram().Counts) if new < old { t.Errorf("%s counts decreased: %d < %d", name, new, old) } } } } close(done) wg.Wait() } func withinEpsilon(v1, v2, e float64) bool { return v2-v2*e <= v1 && v1 <= v2+v2*e } func TestMutexWaitTimeMetric(t *testing.T) { var sample [1]metrics.Sample sample[0].Name = "/sync/mutex/wait/total:seconds" locks := []locker2{ new(mutex), new(rwmutexWrite), new(rwmutexReadWrite), new(rwmutexWriteRead), } for _, lock := range locks { t.Run(reflect.TypeOf(lock).Elem().Name(), func(t *testing.T) { metrics.Read(sample[:]) before := time.Duration(sample[0].Value.Float64() * 1e9) minMutexWaitTime := generateMutexWaitTime(lock) metrics.Read(sample[:]) after := time.Duration(sample[0].Value.Float64() * 1e9) if wt := after - before; wt < minMutexWaitTime { t.Errorf("too little mutex wait time: got %s, want %s", wt, minMutexWaitTime) } }) } } // locker2 represents an API surface of two concurrent goroutines // locking the same resource, but through different APIs. It's intended // to abstract over the relationship of two Lock calls or an RLock // and a Lock call. type locker2 interface { Lock1() Unlock1() Lock2() Unlock2() } type mutex struct { mu sync.Mutex } func (m *mutex) Lock1() { m.mu.Lock() } func (m *mutex) Unlock1() { m.mu.Unlock() } func (m *mutex) Lock2() { m.mu.Lock() } func (m *mutex) Unlock2() { m.mu.Unlock() } type rwmutexWrite struct { mu sync.RWMutex } func (m *rwmutexWrite) Lock1() { m.mu.Lock() } func (m *rwmutexWrite) Unlock1() { m.mu.Unlock() } func (m *rwmutexWrite) Lock2() { m.mu.Lock() } func (m *rwmutexWrite) Unlock2() { m.mu.Unlock() } type rwmutexReadWrite struct { mu sync.RWMutex } func (m *rwmutexReadWrite) Lock1() { m.mu.RLock() } func (m *rwmutexReadWrite) Unlock1() { m.mu.RUnlock() } func (m *rwmutexReadWrite) Lock2() { m.mu.Lock() } func (m *rwmutexReadWrite) Unlock2() { m.mu.Unlock() } type rwmutexWriteRead struct { mu sync.RWMutex } func (m *rwmutexWriteRead) Lock1() { m.mu.Lock() } func (m *rwmutexWriteRead) Unlock1() { m.mu.Unlock() } func (m *rwmutexWriteRead) Lock2() { m.mu.RLock() } func (m *rwmutexWriteRead) Unlock2() { m.mu.RUnlock() } // generateMutexWaitTime causes a couple of goroutines // to block a whole bunch of times on a sync.Mutex, returning // the minimum amount of time that should be visible in the // /sync/mutex-wait:seconds metric. func generateMutexWaitTime(mu locker2) time.Duration { // Set up the runtime to always track casgstatus transitions for metrics. *runtime.CasGStatusAlwaysTrack = true mu.Lock1() // Start up a goroutine to wait on the lock. gc := make(chan *runtime.G) done := make(chan bool) go func() { gc <- runtime.Getg() for { mu.Lock2() mu.Unlock2() if <-done { return } } }() gp := <-gc // Set the block time high enough so that it will always show up, even // on systems with coarse timer granularity. const blockTime = 100 * time.Millisecond // Make sure the goroutine spawned above actually blocks on the lock. for { if runtime.GIsWaitingOnMutex(gp) { break } runtime.Gosched() } // Let some amount of time pass. time.Sleep(blockTime) // Let the other goroutine acquire the lock. mu.Unlock1() done <- true // Reset flag. *runtime.CasGStatusAlwaysTrack = false return blockTime } // See issue #60276. func TestCPUMetricsSleep(t *testing.T) { if runtime.GOOS == "wasip1" { // Since wasip1 busy-waits in the scheduler, there's no meaningful idle // time. This is accurately reflected in the metrics, but it means this // test is basically meaningless on this platform. t.Skip("wasip1 currently busy-waits in idle time; test not applicable") } names := []string{ "/cpu/classes/idle:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/gc/mark/assist:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/gc/mark/dedicated:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/gc/mark/idle:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/gc/pause:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/gc/total:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/scavenge/assist:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/scavenge/background:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/scavenge/total:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/total:cpu-seconds", "/cpu/classes/user:cpu-seconds", } prep := func() []metrics.Sample { mm := make([]metrics.Sample, len(names)) for i := range names { mm[i].Name = names[i] } return mm } m1, m2 := prep(), prep() const ( // Expected time spent idle. dur = 100 * time.Millisecond // maxFailures is the number of consecutive failures requires to cause the test to fail. maxFailures = 10 ) failureIdleTimes := make([]float64, 0, maxFailures) // If the bug we expect is happening, then the Sleep CPU time will be accounted for // as user time rather than idle time. In an ideal world we'd expect the whole application // to go instantly idle the moment this goroutine goes to sleep, and stay asleep for that // duration. However, the Go runtime can easily eat into idle time while this goroutine is // blocked in a sleep. For example, slow platforms might spend more time expected in the // scheduler. Another example is that a Go runtime background goroutine could run while // everything else is idle. Lastly, if a running goroutine is descheduled by the OS, enough // time may pass such that the goroutine is ready to wake, even though the runtime couldn't // observe itself as idle with nanotime. // // To deal with all this, we give a half-proc's worth of leniency. // // We also retry multiple times to deal with the fact that the OS might deschedule us before // we yield and go idle. That has a rare enough chance that retries should resolve it. // If the issue we expect is happening, it should be persistent. minIdleCPUSeconds := dur.Seconds() * (float64(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1)) - 0.5) // Let's make sure there's no background scavenge work to do. // // The runtime.GC calls below ensure the background sweeper // will not run during the idle period. debug.FreeOSMemory() for retries := 0; retries < maxFailures; retries++ { // Read 1. runtime.GC() // Update /cpu/classes metrics. metrics.Read(m1) // Sleep. time.Sleep(dur) // Read 2. runtime.GC() // Update /cpu/classes metrics. metrics.Read(m2) dt := m2[0].Value.Float64() - m1[0].Value.Float64() if dt >= minIdleCPUSeconds { // All is well. Test passed. return } failureIdleTimes = append(failureIdleTimes, dt) // Try again. } // We couldn't observe the expected idle time even once. for i, dt := range failureIdleTimes { t.Logf("try %2d: idle time = %.5fs\n", i+1, dt) } t.Logf("try %d breakdown:\n", len(failureIdleTimes)) for i := range names { if m1[i].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindBad { continue } t.Logf("\t%s %0.3f\n", names[i], m2[i].Value.Float64()-m1[i].Value.Float64()) } t.Errorf(`time.Sleep did not contribute enough to "idle" class: minimum idle time = %.5fs`, minIdleCPUSeconds) } // Call f() and verify that the correct STW metrics increment. If isGC is true, // fn triggers a GC STW. Otherwise, fn triggers an other STW. func testSchedPauseMetrics(t *testing.T, fn func(t *testing.T), isGC bool) { m := []metrics.Sample{ {Name: "/sched/pauses/stopping/gc:seconds"}, {Name: "/sched/pauses/stopping/other:seconds"}, {Name: "/sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds"}, {Name: "/sched/pauses/total/other:seconds"}, } stoppingGC := &m[0] stoppingOther := &m[1] totalGC := &m[2] totalOther := &m[3] sampleCount := func(s *metrics.Sample) uint64 { h := s.Value.Float64Histogram() var n uint64 for _, c := range h.Counts { n += c } return n } // Read baseline. metrics.Read(m) baselineStartGC := sampleCount(stoppingGC) baselineStartOther := sampleCount(stoppingOther) baselineTotalGC := sampleCount(totalGC) baselineTotalOther := sampleCount(totalOther) fn(t) metrics.Read(m) if isGC { if got := sampleCount(stoppingGC); got <= baselineStartGC { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/stopping/gc:seconds sample count %d did not increase from baseline of %d", got, baselineStartGC) } if got := sampleCount(totalGC); got <= baselineTotalGC { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds sample count %d did not increase from baseline of %d", got, baselineTotalGC) } if got := sampleCount(stoppingOther); got != baselineStartOther { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/stopping/other:seconds sample count %d changed from baseline of %d", got, baselineStartOther) } if got := sampleCount(totalOther); got != baselineTotalOther { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/stopping/other:seconds sample count %d changed from baseline of %d", got, baselineTotalOther) } } else { if got := sampleCount(stoppingGC); got != baselineStartGC { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/stopping/gc:seconds sample count %d changed from baseline of %d", got, baselineStartGC) } if got := sampleCount(totalGC); got != baselineTotalGC { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/total/gc:seconds sample count %d changed from baseline of %d", got, baselineTotalGC) } if got := sampleCount(stoppingOther); got <= baselineStartOther { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/stopping/other:seconds sample count %d did not increase from baseline of %d", got, baselineStartOther) } if got := sampleCount(totalOther); got <= baselineTotalOther { t.Errorf("/sched/pauses/stopping/other:seconds sample count %d did not increase from baseline of %d", got, baselineTotalOther) } } } func TestSchedPauseMetrics(t *testing.T) { tests := []struct { name string isGC bool fn func(t *testing.T) }{ { name: "runtime.GC", isGC: true, fn: func(t *testing.T) { runtime.GC() }, }, { name: "runtime.GOMAXPROCS", fn: func(t *testing.T) { if runtime.GOARCH == "wasm" { t.Skip("GOMAXPROCS >1 not supported on wasm") } n := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) defer runtime.GOMAXPROCS(n) runtime.GOMAXPROCS(n + 1) }, }, { name: "runtime.GoroutineProfile", fn: func(t *testing.T) { var s [1]runtime.StackRecord runtime.GoroutineProfile(s[:]) }, }, { name: "runtime.ReadMemStats", fn: func(t *testing.T) { var mstats runtime.MemStats runtime.ReadMemStats(&mstats) }, }, { name: "runtime.Stack", fn: func(t *testing.T) { var b [64]byte runtime.Stack(b[:], true) }, }, { name: "runtime/debug.WriteHeapDump", fn: func(t *testing.T) { if runtime.GOOS == "js" { t.Skip("WriteHeapDump not supported on js") } f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "heapdumptest") if err != nil { t.Fatalf("os.CreateTemp failed: %v", err) } defer os.Remove(f.Name()) defer f.Close() debug.WriteHeapDump(f.Fd()) }, }, { name: "runtime/trace.Start", fn: func(t *testing.T) { if trace.IsEnabled() { t.Skip("tracing already enabled") } var buf bytes.Buffer if err := trace.Start(&buf); err != nil { t.Errorf("trace.Start err got %v want nil", err) } trace.Stop() }, }, } // These tests count STW pauses, classified based on whether they're related // to the GC or not. Disable automatic GC cycles during the test so we don't // have an incidental GC pause when we're trying to observe only // non-GC-related pauses. This is especially important for the // runtime/trace.Start test, since (as of this writing) that will block // until any active GC mark phase completes. defer debug.SetGCPercent(debug.SetGCPercent(-1)) runtime.GC() for _, tc := range tests { t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) { testSchedPauseMetrics(t, tc.fn, tc.isGC) }) } } func TestRuntimeLockMetricsAndProfile(t *testing.T) { old := runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(0) // enabled during sub-tests defer runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(old) if old != 0 { t.Fatalf("need MutexProfileRate 0, got %d", old) } { before := os.Getenv("GODEBUG") for _, s := range strings.Split(before, ",") { if strings.HasPrefix(s, "runtimecontentionstacks=") { t.Logf("GODEBUG includes explicit setting %q", s) } } defer func() { os.Setenv("GODEBUG", before) }() os.Setenv("GODEBUG", fmt.Sprintf("%s,runtimecontentionstacks=1", before)) } t.Logf("NumCPU %d", runtime.NumCPU()) t.Logf("GOMAXPROCS %d", runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)) if minCPU := 2; runtime.NumCPU() < minCPU { t.Skipf("creating and observing contention on runtime-internal locks requires NumCPU >= %d", minCPU) } loadProfile := func(t *testing.T) *profile.Profile { var w bytes.Buffer pprof.Lookup("mutex").WriteTo(&w, 0) p, err := profile.Parse(&w) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("failed to parse profile: %v", err) } if err := p.CheckValid(); err != nil { t.Fatalf("invalid profile: %v", err) } return p } measureDelta := func(t *testing.T, fn func()) (metricGrowth, profileGrowth float64, p *profile.Profile) { beforeProfile := loadProfile(t) beforeMetrics := []metrics.Sample{{Name: "/sync/mutex/wait/total:seconds"}} metrics.Read(beforeMetrics) fn() afterProfile := loadProfile(t) afterMetrics := []metrics.Sample{{Name: "/sync/mutex/wait/total:seconds"}} metrics.Read(afterMetrics) sumSamples := func(p *profile.Profile, i int) int64 { var sum int64 for _, s := range p.Sample { sum += s.Value[i] } return sum } metricGrowth = afterMetrics[0].Value.Float64() - beforeMetrics[0].Value.Float64() profileGrowth = float64(sumSamples(afterProfile, 1)-sumSamples(beforeProfile, 1)) * time.Nanosecond.Seconds() // The internal/profile package does not support compaction; this delta // profile will include separate positive and negative entries. p = afterProfile.Copy() if len(beforeProfile.Sample) > 0 { err := p.Merge(beforeProfile, -1) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("Merge profiles: %v", err) } } return metricGrowth, profileGrowth, p } testcase := func(strictTiming bool, acceptStacks [][]string, workers int, fn func() bool) func(t *testing.T) (metricGrowth, profileGrowth float64, n, value int64) { return func(t *testing.T) (metricGrowth, profileGrowth float64, n, value int64) { metricGrowth, profileGrowth, p := measureDelta(t, func() { var started, stopped sync.WaitGroup started.Add(workers) stopped.Add(workers) for i := 0; i < workers; i++ { w := &contentionWorker{ before: func() { started.Done() started.Wait() }, after: func() { stopped.Done() }, fn: fn, } go w.run() } stopped.Wait() }) if profileGrowth == 0 { t.Errorf("no increase in mutex profile") } if metricGrowth == 0 && strictTiming { // If the critical section is very short, systems with low timer // resolution may be unable to measure it via nanotime. // // This is sampled at 1 per gTrackingPeriod, but the explicit // runtime.mutex tests create 200 contention events. Observing // zero of those has a probability of (7/8)^200 = 2.5e-12 which // is acceptably low (though the calculation has a tenuous // dependency on cheaprandn being a good-enough source of // entropy). t.Errorf("no increase in /sync/mutex/wait/total:seconds metric") } // This comparison is possible because the time measurements in support of // runtime/pprof and runtime/metrics for runtime-internal locks are so close // together. It doesn't work as well for user-space contention, where the // involved goroutines are not _Grunnable the whole time and so need to pass // through the scheduler. t.Logf("lock contention growth in runtime/pprof's view (%fs)", profileGrowth) t.Logf("lock contention growth in runtime/metrics' view (%fs)", metricGrowth) acceptStacks = append([][]string(nil), acceptStacks...) for i, stk := range acceptStacks { if goexperiment.StaticLockRanking { if !slices.ContainsFunc(stk, func(s string) bool { return s == "runtime.systemstack" || s == "runtime.mcall" || s == "runtime.mstart" }) { // stk is a call stack that is still on the user stack when // it calls runtime.unlock. Add the extra function that // we'll see, when the static lock ranking implementation of // runtime.unlockWithRank switches to the system stack. stk = append([]string{"runtime.unlockWithRank"}, stk...) } } acceptStacks[i] = stk } var stks [][]string values := make([][2]int64, len(acceptStacks)) for _, s := range p.Sample { var have []string for _, loc := range s.Location { for _, line := range loc.Line { have = append(have, line.Function.Name) } } stks = append(stks, have) for i, stk := range acceptStacks { if slices.Equal(have, stk) { values[i][0] += s.Value[0] values[i][1] += s.Value[1] } } } for i, stk := range acceptStacks { n += values[i][0] value += values[i][1] t.Logf("stack %v has samples totaling n=%d value=%d", stk, values[i][0], values[i][1]) } if n == 0 && value == 0 { t.Logf("profile:\n%s", p) for _, have := range stks { t.Logf("have stack %v", have) } for _, stk := range acceptStacks { t.Errorf("want stack %v", stk) } } return metricGrowth, profileGrowth, n, value } } name := t.Name() t.Run("runtime.lock", func(t *testing.T) { mus := make([]runtime.Mutex, 200) var needContention atomic.Int64 delay := 100 * time.Microsecond // large relative to system noise, for comparison between clocks delayMicros := delay.Microseconds() // The goroutine that acquires the lock will only proceed when it // detects that its partner is contended for the lock. That will lead to // live-lock if anything (such as a STW) prevents the partner goroutine // from running. Allowing the contention workers to pause and restart // (to allow a STW to proceed) makes it harder to confirm that we're // counting the correct number of contention events, since some locks // will end up contended twice. Instead, disable the GC. defer debug.SetGCPercent(debug.SetGCPercent(-1)) const workers = 2 if runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) < workers { t.Skipf("contention on runtime-internal locks requires GOMAXPROCS >= %d", workers) } fn := func() bool { n := int(needContention.Load()) if n < 0 { return false } mu := &mus[n] runtime.Lock(mu) for int(needContention.Load()) == n { if runtime.MutexContended(mu) { // make them wait a little while for start := runtime.Nanotime(); (runtime.Nanotime()-start)/1000 < delayMicros; { runtime.Usleep(uint32(delayMicros)) } break } } runtime.Unlock(mu) needContention.Store(int64(n - 1)) return true } stks := [][]string{{ "runtime.unlock", "runtime_test." + name + ".func5.1", "runtime_test.(*contentionWorker).run", }} t.Run("sample-1", func(t *testing.T) { old := runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(1) defer runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(old) needContention.Store(int64(len(mus) - 1)) metricGrowth, profileGrowth, n, _ := testcase(true, stks, workers, fn)(t) t.Run("metric", func(t *testing.T) { // The runtime/metrics view may be sampled at 1 per // gTrackingPeriod, so we don't have a hard lower bound here. testenv.SkipFlaky(t, 64253) if have, want := metricGrowth, delay.Seconds()*float64(len(mus)); have < want { // The test imposes a delay with usleep, verified with calls to // nanotime. Compare against the runtime/metrics package's view // (based on nanotime) rather than runtime/pprof's view (based // on cputicks). t.Errorf("runtime/metrics reported less than the known minimum contention duration (%fs < %fs)", have, want) } }) if have, want := n, int64(len(mus)); have != want { t.Errorf("mutex profile reported contention count different from the known true count (%d != %d)", have, want) } const slop = 1.5 // account for nanotime vs cputicks t.Run("compare timers", func(t *testing.T) { testenv.SkipFlaky(t, 64253) if profileGrowth > slop*metricGrowth || metricGrowth > slop*profileGrowth { t.Errorf("views differ by more than %fx", slop) } }) }) t.Run("sample-2", func(t *testing.T) { testenv.SkipFlaky(t, 64253) old := runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(2) defer runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(old) needContention.Store(int64(len(mus) - 1)) metricGrowth, profileGrowth, n, _ := testcase(true, stks, workers, fn)(t) // With 100 trials and profile fraction of 2, we expect to capture // 50 samples. Allow the test to pass if we get at least 20 samples; // the CDF of the binomial distribution says there's less than a // 1e-9 chance of that, which is an acceptably low flakiness rate. const samplingSlop = 2.5 if have, want := metricGrowth, delay.Seconds()*float64(len(mus)); samplingSlop*have < want { // The test imposes a delay with usleep, verified with calls to // nanotime. Compare against the runtime/metrics package's view // (based on nanotime) rather than runtime/pprof's view (based // on cputicks). t.Errorf("runtime/metrics reported less than the known minimum contention duration (%f * %fs < %fs)", samplingSlop, have, want) } if have, want := n, int64(len(mus)); float64(have) > float64(want)*samplingSlop || float64(want) > float64(have)*samplingSlop { t.Errorf("mutex profile reported contention count too different from the expected count (%d far from %d)", have, want) } const timerSlop = 1.5 * samplingSlop // account for nanotime vs cputicks, plus the two views' independent sampling if profileGrowth > timerSlop*metricGrowth || metricGrowth > timerSlop*profileGrowth { t.Errorf("views differ by more than %fx", timerSlop) } }) }) t.Run("runtime.semrelease", func(t *testing.T) { testenv.SkipFlaky(t, 64253) old := runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(1) defer runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(old) const workers = 3 if runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) < workers { t.Skipf("creating and observing contention on runtime-internal semaphores requires GOMAXPROCS >= %d", workers) } var sem uint32 = 1 var tries atomic.Int32 tries.Store(10_000_000) // prefer controlled failure to timeout var sawContention atomic.Int32 var need int32 = 1 fn := func() bool { if sawContention.Load() >= need { return false } if tries.Add(-1) < 0 { return false } runtime.Semacquire(&sem) runtime.Semrelease1(&sem, false, 0) if runtime.MutexContended(runtime.SemRootLock(&sem)) { sawContention.Add(1) } return true } stks := [][]string{ { "runtime.unlock", "runtime.semrelease1", "runtime_test.TestRuntimeLockMetricsAndProfile.func6.1", "runtime_test.(*contentionWorker).run", }, { "runtime.unlock", "runtime.semacquire1", "runtime.semacquire", "runtime_test.TestRuntimeLockMetricsAndProfile.func6.1", "runtime_test.(*contentionWorker).run", }, } // Verify that we get call stack we expect, with anything more than zero // cycles / zero samples. The duration of each contention event is too // small relative to the expected overhead for us to verify its value // more directly. Leave that to the explicit lock/unlock test. testcase(false, stks, workers, fn)(t) if remaining := tries.Load(); remaining >= 0 { t.Logf("finished test early (%d tries remaining)", remaining) } }) } // contentionWorker provides cleaner call stacks for lock contention profile tests type contentionWorker struct { before func() fn func() bool after func() } func (w *contentionWorker) run() { defer w.after() w.before() for w.fn() { } } func TestCPUStats(t *testing.T) { // Run a few GC cycles to get some of the stats to be non-zero. runtime.GC() runtime.GC() runtime.GC() // Set GOMAXPROCS high then sleep briefly to ensure we generate // some idle time. oldmaxprocs := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(10) time.Sleep(time.Millisecond) runtime.GOMAXPROCS(oldmaxprocs) stats := runtime.ReadCPUStats() gcTotal := stats.GCAssistTime + stats.GCDedicatedTime + stats.GCIdleTime + stats.GCPauseTime if gcTotal != stats.GCTotalTime { t.Errorf("manually computed total does not match GCTotalTime: %d cpu-ns vs. %d cpu-ns", gcTotal, stats.GCTotalTime) } scavTotal := stats.ScavengeAssistTime + stats.ScavengeBgTime if scavTotal != stats.ScavengeTotalTime { t.Errorf("manually computed total does not match ScavengeTotalTime: %d cpu-ns vs. %d cpu-ns", scavTotal, stats.ScavengeTotalTime) } total := gcTotal + scavTotal + stats.IdleTime + stats.UserTime if total != stats.TotalTime { t.Errorf("manually computed overall total does not match TotalTime: %d cpu-ns vs. %d cpu-ns", total, stats.TotalTime) } if total == 0 { t.Error("total time is zero") } if gcTotal == 0 { t.Error("GC total time is zero") } if stats.IdleTime == 0 { t.Error("idle time is zero") } } func TestMetricHeapUnusedLargeObjectOverflow(t *testing.T) { // This test makes sure /memory/classes/heap/unused:bytes // doesn't overflow when allocating and deallocating large // objects. It is a regression test for #67019. done := make(chan struct{}) var wg sync.WaitGroup wg.Add(1) go func() { defer wg.Done() for { for range 10 { abi.Escape(make([]byte, 1<<20)) } runtime.GC() select { case <-done: return default: } } }() s := []metrics.Sample{ {Name: "/memory/classes/heap/unused:bytes"}, } for range 1000 { metrics.Read(s) if s[0].Value.Uint64() > 1<<40 { t.Errorf("overflow") break } } done <- struct{}{} wg.Wait() }