// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // // System calls and other sys.stuff for arm64, Linux // #include "go_asm.h" #include "go_tls.h" #include "textflag.h" #include "cgo/abi_arm64.h" #define AT_FDCWD -100 #define CLOCK_REALTIME 0 #define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 1 #define SYS_exit 93 #define SYS_read 63 #define SYS_write 64 #define SYS_openat 56 #define SYS_close 57 #define SYS_pipe2 59 #define SYS_nanosleep 101 #define SYS_mmap 222 #define SYS_munmap 215 #define SYS_setitimer 103 #define SYS_clone 220 #define SYS_sched_yield 124 #define SYS_rt_sigreturn 139 #define SYS_rt_sigaction 134 #define SYS_rt_sigprocmask 135 #define SYS_sigaltstack 132 #define SYS_madvise 233 #define SYS_mincore 232 #define SYS_getpid 172 #define SYS_gettid 178 #define SYS_kill 129 #define SYS_tgkill 131 #define SYS_futex 98 #define SYS_sched_getaffinity 123 #define SYS_exit_group 94 #define SYS_clock_gettime 113 #define SYS_faccessat 48 #define SYS_socket 198 #define SYS_connect 203 #define SYS_brk 214 #define SYS_timer_create 107 #define SYS_timer_settime 110 #define SYS_timer_delete 111 TEXT runtime·exit(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-4 MOVW code+0(FP), R0 MOVD $SYS_exit_group, R8 SVC RET // func exitThread(wait *atomic.Uint32) TEXT runtime·exitThread(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-8 MOVD wait+0(FP), R0 // We're done using the stack. MOVW $0, R1 STLRW R1, (R0) MOVW $0, R0 // exit code MOVD $SYS_exit, R8 SVC JMP 0(PC) TEXT runtime·open(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-20 MOVD $AT_FDCWD, R0 MOVD name+0(FP), R1 MOVW mode+8(FP), R2 MOVW perm+12(FP), R3 MOVD $SYS_openat, R8 SVC CMN $4095, R0 BCC done MOVW $-1, R0 done: MOVW R0, ret+16(FP) RET TEXT runtime·closefd(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-12 MOVW fd+0(FP), R0 MOVD $SYS_close, R8 SVC CMN $4095, R0 BCC done MOVW $-1, R0 done: MOVW R0, ret+8(FP) RET TEXT runtime·write1(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-28 MOVD fd+0(FP), R0 MOVD p+8(FP), R1 MOVW n+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_write, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET TEXT runtime·read(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-28 MOVW fd+0(FP), R0 MOVD p+8(FP), R1 MOVW n+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_read, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET // func pipe2(flags int32) (r, w int32, errno int32) TEXT runtime·pipe2(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-20 MOVD $r+8(FP), R0 MOVW flags+0(FP), R1 MOVW $SYS_pipe2, R8 SVC MOVW R0, errno+16(FP) RET TEXT runtime·usleep(SB),NOSPLIT,$24-4 MOVWU usec+0(FP), R3 MOVD R3, R5 MOVW $1000000, R4 UDIV R4, R3 MOVD R3, 8(RSP) MUL R3, R4 SUB R4, R5 MOVW $1000, R4 MUL R4, R5 MOVD R5, 16(RSP) // nanosleep(&ts, 0) ADD $8, RSP, R0 MOVD $0, R1 MOVD $SYS_nanosleep, R8 SVC RET TEXT runtime·gettid(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-4 MOVD $SYS_gettid, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+0(FP) RET TEXT runtime·raise(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD $SYS_getpid, R8 SVC MOVW R0, R19 MOVD $SYS_gettid, R8 SVC MOVW R0, R1 // arg 2 tid MOVW R19, R0 // arg 1 pid MOVW sig+0(FP), R2 // arg 3 MOVD $SYS_tgkill, R8 SVC RET TEXT runtime·raiseproc(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD $SYS_getpid, R8 SVC MOVW R0, R0 // arg 1 pid MOVW sig+0(FP), R1 // arg 2 MOVD $SYS_kill, R8 SVC RET TEXT ·getpid(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-8 MOVD $SYS_getpid, R8 SVC MOVD R0, ret+0(FP) RET TEXT ·tgkill(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-24 MOVD tgid+0(FP), R0 MOVD tid+8(FP), R1 MOVD sig+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_tgkill, R8 SVC RET TEXT runtime·setitimer(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-24 MOVW mode+0(FP), R0 MOVD new+8(FP), R1 MOVD old+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_setitimer, R8 SVC RET TEXT runtime·timer_create(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-28 MOVW clockid+0(FP), R0 MOVD sevp+8(FP), R1 MOVD timerid+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_timer_create, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET TEXT runtime·timer_settime(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-28 MOVW timerid+0(FP), R0 MOVW flags+4(FP), R1 MOVD new+8(FP), R2 MOVD old+16(FP), R3 MOVD $SYS_timer_settime, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET TEXT runtime·timer_delete(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-12 MOVW timerid+0(FP), R0 MOVD $SYS_timer_delete, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+8(FP) RET TEXT runtime·mincore(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-28 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVD n+8(FP), R1 MOVD dst+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_mincore, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET // func walltime() (sec int64, nsec int32) TEXT runtime·walltime(SB),NOSPLIT,$24-12 MOVD RSP, R20 // R20 is unchanged by C code MOVD RSP, R1 MOVD g_m(g), R21 // R21 = m // Set vdsoPC and vdsoSP for SIGPROF traceback. // Save the old values on stack and restore them on exit, // so this function is reentrant. MOVD m_vdsoPC(R21), R2 MOVD m_vdsoSP(R21), R3 MOVD R2, 8(RSP) MOVD R3, 16(RSP) MOVD $ret-8(FP), R2 // caller's SP MOVD LR, m_vdsoPC(R21) MOVD R2, m_vdsoSP(R21) MOVD m_curg(R21), R0 CMP g, R0 BNE noswitch MOVD m_g0(R21), R3 MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(R3), R1 // Set RSP to g0 stack noswitch: SUB $16, R1 BIC $15, R1 // Align for C code MOVD R1, RSP MOVW $CLOCK_REALTIME, R0 MOVD runtime·vdsoClockgettimeSym(SB), R2 CBZ R2, fallback // Store g on gsignal's stack, so if we receive a signal // during VDSO code we can find the g. // If we don't have a signal stack, we won't receive signal, // so don't bother saving g. // When using cgo, we already saved g on TLS, also don't save // g here. // Also don't save g if we are already on the signal stack. // We won't get a nested signal. MOVBU runtime·iscgo(SB), R22 CBNZ R22, nosaveg MOVD m_gsignal(R21), R22 // g.m.gsignal CBZ R22, nosaveg CMP g, R22 BEQ nosaveg MOVD (g_stack+stack_lo)(R22), R22 // g.m.gsignal.stack.lo MOVD g, (R22) BL (R2) MOVD ZR, (R22) // clear g slot, R22 is unchanged by C code B finish nosaveg: BL (R2) B finish fallback: MOVD $SYS_clock_gettime, R8 SVC finish: MOVD 0(RSP), R3 // sec MOVD 8(RSP), R5 // nsec MOVD R20, RSP // restore SP // Restore vdsoPC, vdsoSP // We don't worry about being signaled between the two stores. // If we are not in a signal handler, we'll restore vdsoSP to 0, // and no one will care about vdsoPC. If we are in a signal handler, // we cannot receive another signal. MOVD 16(RSP), R1 MOVD R1, m_vdsoSP(R21) MOVD 8(RSP), R1 MOVD R1, m_vdsoPC(R21) MOVD R3, sec+0(FP) MOVW R5, nsec+8(FP) RET TEXT runtime·nanotime1(SB),NOSPLIT,$24-8 MOVD RSP, R20 // R20 is unchanged by C code MOVD RSP, R1 MOVD g_m(g), R21 // R21 = m // Set vdsoPC and vdsoSP for SIGPROF traceback. // Save the old values on stack and restore them on exit, // so this function is reentrant. MOVD m_vdsoPC(R21), R2 MOVD m_vdsoSP(R21), R3 MOVD R2, 8(RSP) MOVD R3, 16(RSP) MOVD $ret-8(FP), R2 // caller's SP MOVD LR, m_vdsoPC(R21) MOVD R2, m_vdsoSP(R21) MOVD m_curg(R21), R0 CMP g, R0 BNE noswitch MOVD m_g0(R21), R3 MOVD (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(R3), R1 // Set RSP to g0 stack noswitch: SUB $32, R1 BIC $15, R1 MOVD R1, RSP MOVW $CLOCK_MONOTONIC, R0 MOVD runtime·vdsoClockgettimeSym(SB), R2 CBZ R2, fallback // Store g on gsignal's stack, so if we receive a signal // during VDSO code we can find the g. // If we don't have a signal stack, we won't receive signal, // so don't bother saving g. // When using cgo, we already saved g on TLS, also don't save // g here. // Also don't save g if we are already on the signal stack. // We won't get a nested signal. MOVBU runtime·iscgo(SB), R22 CBNZ R22, nosaveg MOVD m_gsignal(R21), R22 // g.m.gsignal CBZ R22, nosaveg CMP g, R22 BEQ nosaveg MOVD (g_stack+stack_lo)(R22), R22 // g.m.gsignal.stack.lo MOVD g, (R22) BL (R2) MOVD ZR, (R22) // clear g slot, R22 is unchanged by C code B finish nosaveg: BL (R2) B finish fallback: MOVD $SYS_clock_gettime, R8 SVC finish: MOVD 0(RSP), R3 // sec MOVD 8(RSP), R5 // nsec MOVD R20, RSP // restore SP // Restore vdsoPC, vdsoSP // We don't worry about being signaled between the two stores. // If we are not in a signal handler, we'll restore vdsoSP to 0, // and no one will care about vdsoPC. If we are in a signal handler, // we cannot receive another signal. MOVD 16(RSP), R1 MOVD R1, m_vdsoSP(R21) MOVD 8(RSP), R1 MOVD R1, m_vdsoPC(R21) // sec is in R3, nsec in R5 // return nsec in R3 MOVD $1000000000, R4 MUL R4, R3 ADD R5, R3 MOVD R3, ret+0(FP) RET TEXT runtime·rtsigprocmask(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-28 MOVW how+0(FP), R0 MOVD new+8(FP), R1 MOVD old+16(FP), R2 MOVW size+24(FP), R3 MOVD $SYS_rt_sigprocmask, R8 SVC CMN $4095, R0 BCC done MOVD $0, R0 MOVD R0, (R0) // crash done: RET TEXT runtime·rt_sigaction(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0-36 MOVD sig+0(FP), R0 MOVD new+8(FP), R1 MOVD old+16(FP), R2 MOVD size+24(FP), R3 MOVD $SYS_rt_sigaction, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+32(FP) RET // Call the function stored in _cgo_sigaction using the GCC calling convention. TEXT runtime·callCgoSigaction(SB),NOSPLIT,$0 MOVD sig+0(FP), R0 MOVD new+8(FP), R1 MOVD old+16(FP), R2 MOVD _cgo_sigaction(SB), R3 SUB $16, RSP // reserve 16 bytes for sp-8 where fp may be saved. BL R3 ADD $16, RSP MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET TEXT runtime·sigfwd(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-32 MOVW sig+8(FP), R0 MOVD info+16(FP), R1 MOVD ctx+24(FP), R2 MOVD fn+0(FP), R11 BL (R11) RET // Called from c-abi, R0: sig, R1: info, R2: cxt TEXT runtime·sigtramp(SB),NOSPLIT|TOPFRAME,$176 // Save callee-save registers in the case of signal forwarding. // Please refer to https://golang.org/issue/31827 . SAVE_R19_TO_R28(8*4) SAVE_F8_TO_F15(8*14) // this might be called in external code context, // where g is not set. // first save R0, because runtime·load_g will clobber it MOVW R0, 8(RSP) MOVBU runtime·iscgo(SB), R0 CBZ R0, 2(PC) BL runtime·load_g(SB) // Restore signum to R0. MOVW 8(RSP), R0 // R1 and R2 already contain info and ctx, respectively. MOVD $runtime·sigtrampgo(SB), R3 BL (R3) // Restore callee-save registers. RESTORE_R19_TO_R28(8*4) RESTORE_F8_TO_F15(8*14) RET // Called from c-abi, R0: sig, R1: info, R2: cxt TEXT runtime·sigprofNonGoWrapper<>(SB),NOSPLIT,$176 // Save callee-save registers because it's a callback from c code. SAVE_R19_TO_R28(8*4) SAVE_F8_TO_F15(8*14) // R0, R1 and R2 already contain sig, info and ctx, respectively. CALL runtime·sigprofNonGo(SB) // Restore callee-save registers. RESTORE_R19_TO_R28(8*4) RESTORE_F8_TO_F15(8*14) RET // Called from c-abi, R0: sig, R1: info, R2: cxt TEXT runtime·cgoSigtramp(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 // The stack unwinder, presumably written in C, may not be able to // handle Go frame correctly. So, this function is NOFRAME, and we // save/restore LR manually. MOVD LR, R10 // Save R27, g because they will be clobbered, // we need to restore them before jump to sigtramp. MOVD R27, R11 MOVD g, R12 // If no traceback function, do usual sigtramp. MOVD runtime·cgoTraceback(SB), R6 CBZ R6, sigtramp // If no traceback support function, which means that // runtime/cgo was not linked in, do usual sigtramp. MOVD _cgo_callers(SB), R7 CBZ R7, sigtramp // Figure out if we are currently in a cgo call. // If not, just do usual sigtramp. // first save R0, because runtime·load_g will clobber it. MOVD R0, R8 // Set up g register. CALL runtime·load_g(SB) MOVD R8, R0 CBZ g, sigtrampnog // g == nil MOVD g_m(g), R6 CBZ R6, sigtramp // g.m == nil MOVW m_ncgo(R6), R7 CBZW R7, sigtramp // g.m.ncgo = 0 MOVD m_curg(R6), R8 CBZ R8, sigtramp // g.m.curg == nil MOVD g_syscallsp(R8), R7 CBZ R7, sigtramp // g.m.curg.syscallsp == 0 MOVD m_cgoCallers(R6), R4 // R4 is the fifth arg in C calling convention. CBZ R4, sigtramp // g.m.cgoCallers == nil MOVW m_cgoCallersUse(R6), R8 CBNZW R8, sigtramp // g.m.cgoCallersUse != 0 // Jump to a function in runtime/cgo. // That function, written in C, will call the user's traceback // function with proper unwind info, and will then call back here. // The first three arguments, and the fifth, are already in registers. // Set the two remaining arguments now. MOVD runtime·cgoTraceback(SB), R3 MOVD $runtime·sigtramp(SB), R5 MOVD _cgo_callers(SB), R13 MOVD R10, LR // restore MOVD R11, R27 MOVD R12, g B (R13) sigtramp: MOVD R10, LR // restore MOVD R11, R27 MOVD R12, g B runtime·sigtramp(SB) sigtrampnog: // Signal arrived on a non-Go thread. If this is SIGPROF, get a // stack trace. CMPW $27, R0 // 27 == SIGPROF BNE sigtramp // Lock sigprofCallersUse (cas from 0 to 1). MOVW $1, R7 MOVD $runtime·sigprofCallersUse(SB), R8 load_store_loop: LDAXRW (R8), R9 CBNZW R9, sigtramp // Skip stack trace if already locked. STLXRW R7, (R8), R9 CBNZ R9, load_store_loop // Jump to the traceback function in runtime/cgo. // It will call back to sigprofNonGo, which will ignore the // arguments passed in registers. // First three arguments to traceback function are in registers already. MOVD runtime·cgoTraceback(SB), R3 MOVD $runtime·sigprofCallers(SB), R4 MOVD $runtime·sigprofNonGoWrapper<>(SB), R5 MOVD _cgo_callers(SB), R13 MOVD R10, LR // restore MOVD R11, R27 MOVD R12, g B (R13) TEXT runtime·sysMmap(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVD n+8(FP), R1 MOVW prot+16(FP), R2 MOVW flags+20(FP), R3 MOVW fd+24(FP), R4 MOVW off+28(FP), R5 MOVD $SYS_mmap, R8 SVC CMN $4095, R0 BCC ok NEG R0,R0 MOVD $0, p+32(FP) MOVD R0, err+40(FP) RET ok: MOVD R0, p+32(FP) MOVD $0, err+40(FP) RET // Call the function stored in _cgo_mmap using the GCC calling convention. // This must be called on the system stack. TEXT runtime·callCgoMmap(SB),NOSPLIT,$0 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVD n+8(FP), R1 MOVW prot+16(FP), R2 MOVW flags+20(FP), R3 MOVW fd+24(FP), R4 MOVW off+28(FP), R5 MOVD _cgo_mmap(SB), R9 SUB $16, RSP // reserve 16 bytes for sp-8 where fp may be saved. BL R9 ADD $16, RSP MOVD R0, ret+32(FP) RET TEXT runtime·sysMunmap(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVD n+8(FP), R1 MOVD $SYS_munmap, R8 SVC CMN $4095, R0 BCC cool MOVD R0, 0xf0(R0) cool: RET // Call the function stored in _cgo_munmap using the GCC calling convention. // This must be called on the system stack. TEXT runtime·callCgoMunmap(SB),NOSPLIT,$0 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVD n+8(FP), R1 MOVD _cgo_munmap(SB), R9 SUB $16, RSP // reserve 16 bytes for sp-8 where fp may be saved. BL R9 ADD $16, RSP RET TEXT runtime·madvise(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVD n+8(FP), R1 MOVW flags+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_madvise, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET // int64 futex(int32 *uaddr, int32 op, int32 val, // struct timespec *timeout, int32 *uaddr2, int32 val2); TEXT runtime·futex(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD addr+0(FP), R0 MOVW op+8(FP), R1 MOVW val+12(FP), R2 MOVD ts+16(FP), R3 MOVD addr2+24(FP), R4 MOVW val3+32(FP), R5 MOVD $SYS_futex, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+40(FP) RET // int64 clone(int32 flags, void *stk, M *mp, G *gp, void (*fn)(void)); TEXT runtime·clone(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVW flags+0(FP), R0 MOVD stk+8(FP), R1 // Copy mp, gp, fn off parent stack for use by child. MOVD mp+16(FP), R10 MOVD gp+24(FP), R11 MOVD fn+32(FP), R12 MOVD R10, -8(R1) MOVD R11, -16(R1) MOVD R12, -24(R1) MOVD $1234, R10 MOVD R10, -32(R1) MOVD $SYS_clone, R8 SVC // In parent, return. CMP ZR, R0 BEQ child MOVW R0, ret+40(FP) RET child: // In child, on new stack. MOVD -32(RSP), R10 MOVD $1234, R0 CMP R0, R10 BEQ good MOVD $0, R0 MOVD R0, (R0) // crash good: // Initialize m->procid to Linux tid MOVD $SYS_gettid, R8 SVC MOVD -24(RSP), R12 // fn MOVD -16(RSP), R11 // g MOVD -8(RSP), R10 // m CMP $0, R10 BEQ nog CMP $0, R11 BEQ nog MOVD R0, m_procid(R10) // TODO: setup TLS. // In child, set up new stack MOVD R10, g_m(R11) MOVD R11, g //CALL runtime·stackcheck(SB) nog: // Call fn MOVD R12, R0 BL (R0) // It shouldn't return. If it does, exit that thread. MOVW $111, R0 again: MOVD $SYS_exit, R8 SVC B again // keep exiting TEXT runtime·sigaltstack(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD new+0(FP), R0 MOVD old+8(FP), R1 MOVD $SYS_sigaltstack, R8 SVC CMN $4095, R0 BCC ok MOVD $0, R0 MOVD R0, (R0) // crash ok: RET TEXT runtime·osyield(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD $SYS_sched_yield, R8 SVC RET TEXT runtime·sched_getaffinity(SB),NOSPLIT|NOFRAME,$0 MOVD pid+0(FP), R0 MOVD len+8(FP), R1 MOVD buf+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_sched_getaffinity, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET // int access(const char *name, int mode) TEXT runtime·access(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-20 MOVD $AT_FDCWD, R0 MOVD name+0(FP), R1 MOVW mode+8(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_faccessat, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+16(FP) RET // int connect(int fd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len) TEXT runtime·connect(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-28 MOVW fd+0(FP), R0 MOVD addr+8(FP), R1 MOVW len+16(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_connect, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+24(FP) RET // int socket(int domain, int typ, int prot) TEXT runtime·socket(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-20 MOVW domain+0(FP), R0 MOVW typ+4(FP), R1 MOVW prot+8(FP), R2 MOVD $SYS_socket, R8 SVC MOVW R0, ret+16(FP) RET // func sbrk0() uintptr TEXT runtime·sbrk0(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-8 // Implemented as brk(NULL). MOVD $0, R0 MOVD $SYS_brk, R8 SVC MOVD R0, ret+0(FP) RET // func vgetrandom1(buf *byte, length uintptr, flags uint32, state uintptr, stateSize uintptr) int TEXT runtime·vgetrandom1(SB),NOSPLIT,$16-48 MOVD RSP, R20 MOVD runtime·vdsoGetrandomSym(SB), R8 MOVD g_m(g), R21 MOVD m_vdsoPC(R21), R9 MOVD R9, 8(RSP) MOVD m_vdsoSP(R21), R9 MOVD R9, 16(RSP) MOVD LR, m_vdsoPC(R21) MOVD $buf-8(FP), R9 MOVD R9, m_vdsoSP(R21) MOVD RSP, R9 BIC $15, R9 MOVD R9, RSP MOVBU runtime·iscgo(SB), R9 CBNZ R9, nosaveg MOVD m_gsignal(R21), R9 CBZ R9, nosaveg CMP g, R9 BEQ nosaveg MOVD (g_stack+stack_lo)(R9), R22 MOVD g, (R22) BL (R8) MOVD ZR, (R22) B restore nosaveg: BL (R8) restore: MOVD R20, RSP MOVD 16(RSP), R1 MOVD R1, m_vdsoSP(R21) MOVD 8(RSP), R1 MOVD R1, m_vdsoPC(R21) NOP R0 // Satisfy go vet, since the return value comes from the vDSO function. RET